Oral Alterations in children with cancer. Literature review.
Abstract
There is little information for the dentists about malign tumors and their complications both because of their natural evolution as secondary to their treatment, despite the children cancer is the 3% of all the cancer cases. The objective is to make a concise review of the most common neoplasias in children, to identify them and to publicize the oral alterations with higher incidence both secondary to the underlying pathology and by side effect of its treatment. We decided to make a review analyzing different types of malign neoplasias that can occur in this stage of life, which are divided in hematological: leukemia and lymphomas, and solid tumors. The most common leukemia is the lymphoblastic acute (LLA), followed by the myeloid acute and the granulocytic. The lymphomas develop from the lymphatic system and they are divided into Hodgkin and no Hodgkin. Cancer has become in a chronic disease. This has helped a new group of patients who achieve enough survival so that the side effects may occur because of the drugs, dose and each one child’s characteristics. The oral complication appears in a 40 %, the most common complications are: mucositis, opportunistic infection, xerostomia, bleeding, periodontal disease, developmental disorders of teeth and jaw. Although the cancer is located out of the maxillofacial area; the chemotherapy is aggressive in an organism in development. The side effects of the radiotherapy are general and specific of the irradiation zone and the organs and surrounding tissues. In the last decades, the advances in diagnosis and treatment increased the survival from 20% to 80% in long-term treatments.
Keywords: cancer, oral secondary effects, chemotherapy, radiotherapy.
Alteraciones orales en niños con cáncer. Revisión del tema
Existe poca información para el odontólogo sobre tumores malignos y complicaciones por su evolución natural como secundaria al tratamiento a pesar de ser el cáncer en niños el 3% de todos los cánceres. El objetivo es hacer una revisión sucinta de las neoplasias más frecuentes en niños, identificarlas y conocer las alteraciones orales con mayor incidencia secundarias tanto a la patología como el efecto secundario del tratamiento. Realizamos una revisión analizando los diferentes tipos de neoplasias malignas que puede presentarse en esta etapa de vida, las cuales se dividen en hematológicos: leucemias y linfomas y tumores sólidos. La leucemia más frecuente es la linfoblastica aguda (LLA), después la Mieloide Aguda, y Granulocítica. Los linfomas se desarrollan del sistema linfático, se dividen en Hodgkin y no Hodgkin. El cáncer se ha convertido en una enfermedad crónica. Ello favorece un nuevo grupo de pacientes que logran supervivencia suficiente para que puedan producirse efectos secundarios por las terapias utilizadas, fármacos, dosis y las características de cada niño. Las complicaciones orales aparecen en un 40%, las más frecuentes: mucositis, infección oportunista, xerostomía, hemorragias, enfermedad periodontal, alteraciones del desarrollo de dientes y maxilar. Aunque el cáncer esté localizado fuera del área maxilofacial, la quimioterapia es agresiva en un organismo en desarrollo. Los efectos secundarios de la radioterapia son generales y específicos de la zona a irradiar, órganos y tejidos circundantes. Ultimamente, los avances en diagnóstico y tratamiento aumentaron la supervivencia del 20% al 80%, con tratamientos a largo plazo.
Palabras clave: cáncer, efectos secundarios orales, quimioterapia, radioterapia.
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