Periodontal status in mentally handicapped school children in Caracas, Venezuela. Cross-sectional study.
Abstract
Periodontal disease is a chronic multifactor pathology, characterized by the progressive destruction of the dental structures support tissues. Patients with some type of disability have a higher predisposition to develop periodontal disease, due to bad hygiene, product of their motor and psychological deficiencies, and to their systemic alterations that difficult the defense against periodontopathogenic microorganisms. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the periodontal status of a group of children with special needs, and a control group. 47 patients with mental retardation and Down syndrome from three special education centers, and 31 healthy patients of ages ranging from 6 to 15 years, were dentally evaluated, to determine their plaque index, gingival index, and the presence of calculus. After gathering the data and tabulating the results, a 1.08 plaque index was determined, and a gingival index of 1.03, corresponding to a mild gingivitis in the study group. On the other hand, on the group of regular patients, there was a 1.08 PI and a 0.96 GI. Calculus percentage was similar on both groups. However, a large percentage of children with mild gingival inflammation was observed in the group of special patients (53.19%,) compared to the control group (29%).
Keywords: Periodontal disease, patients with special needs, gingival index, plaque index.
Estado periodontal en escolares con déficit mental en Caracas, Venezuela. Estudio de corte transversal.
La enfermedad periodontal es una patología crónica y multifactorial donde ocurre una progresiva destrucción de los tejidos de soporte de las estructuras dentales. El desarrollo de la enfermedad periodontal está dado inicialmente por la presencia de placa dental que aunado a factores inmunológicos, hormonales y celulares conllevan a un desarrollo más rápido o agresivo. Los pacientes que presentan algún tipo de discapacidad, tienen una predisposición mayor a desarrollar enfermedad periodontal debido a la mala higiene por sus deficiencias motoras y psíquicas y a sus alteraciones sistémicas que dificultan la defensa ante los microorganismos periodontopatógenos. El propósito de este estudio fue evaluar y comparar el estatus periodontal de un grupo de niños con necesidades especiales y un grupo control. 47 pacientes con Retardo mental y Síndrome de Down pertenecientes a tres centros de educación especial y 31 pacientes sanos con edades comprendidas entre 6 y 15 años fueron evaluados odontológicamente, determinándose el índice de placa, el índice gingival y la presencia de cálculo. Posterior a la obtención y tabulación de los resultados, se determinó un índice de placa de 1.08 que se corresponde con la presencia de una placa adherida leve y un índice gingival de 1.03 que se corresponde con una gingivitis leve en el grupo de estudio. Por el contrario, en el grupo de pacientes regulares se obtuvo 1.08 de IP y 0.96 de IG. El porcentaje de cálculo fue similar en ambos grupos, 48.94% en el grupo de estudio y 45.16% en el grupo sano. Sin embargo, se observó un alto porcentaje de niños con inflamación gingival moderada en el grupo de pacientes especiales (53.19%) comparado con el grupo control (29%).
Palabras clave: Enfermedad Periodontal, Pacientes con necesidades especiales, Índice Gingival, Índice de Placa.
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