Risk factors for periodontal diseases among Yemeni type II diabetic patients. A case-control study.
Abstract
Background: Chronic periodontal diseases are one of diabetes mellitus complications. The present study aims to compare the periodontal status of type II diabetic patients to a control group and assess the role of risk factors in both groups. Materials and methods: A case-control study was conducted of 270 individuals (132 type II diabetics and 138 non-diabetics). Full mouth periodontal examination including plaque index, gingival bleeding, gingival recession, clinical attachment loss (CAL), tooth mobility, furcation involvement and the number of missing teeth. The case group was subdivided according to glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) status (poorly controlled HbA1c >8 and well controlled HbA1c ≤8) Likewise, the duration of diabetes mellitus as short or long duration (DM ≤10 or >10). The diabetic group was also subdivided according to smoking and Khat chewing habits. Result: The severity of periodontal disease among type II diabetic patients were significantly higher compared to the control group regarding the plaque index 2.6 (1.6-4.3), bleeding on probing 3.5 (2.3-13.0), gingival recession 2.0 (1.2-3.4), furcation involvement 4.0 (2.3-6.7), clinical attachment loss 5.7 (3.1-10.5), tooth mobility 2.0 (1.2-3.4), and number of missing teeth 4.4 (2.3-8.5). In addition, poorly controlled type II DM and long duration had higher CAL and number of missing teeth than well-controlled DM and short duration. No significant differences were found between smokers/nonsmokers and Khat chewers/non-chewers among the diabetic group. Conclusion: Type II diabetic patients have severe periodontal destruction and tooth loss compared to non-diabetic people and there were no differences within the diabetic group in regards to smoking and Khat chewing habits.References
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2. Chapple IL, Van der Weijden F, Doerfer C, Herrera D, Shapira L, Polak D, Madianos P, Louropoulou A, Machtei E, Donos N, Greenwell H, Van Winkelhoff AJ, Eren Kuru B, Arweiler N, Teughels W, Aimetti M, Molina A, Montero E, Graziani F. Primary prevention of periodontitis: managing gingivitis. J Clin Periodontol. 2015;42(Suppl 16):S71–6.
3. Amran A, Alhajj M, Amran A. Prevalence and Risk Factors for Clinical Attachment Loss in Adult Yemenis: A Community-Based Study in the City of Dhamar. Am J Public Health Res. 2016;4(3):56–61.
4. Amran GA, Ataa SAM. Statistical analysis of the prevalence, severity and some possible etiologic factors of gingival recessions among the adult population of Thamar city, Yemen. RSBO. 2011;8(3):305–13.
5. Kim EK, Lee SG, Choi YH, Won KC, Moon JS, Merchant AT, Lee HK. Association between diabetes-related factors and clinical periodontal parameters in type-2 diabetes mellitus. BMC Oral Health. 2013;13:64.
6. American Diabetes Association. 2. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2016;39(Suppl 1):S13–22.
7. World Health Organization. Global report on diabetes. 1st Ed. France: World Health Organization; 2016.
8. Al-Habori M, Al-Mamari M, Al-Meeri A. Type II Diabetes Mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance in Yemen: prevalence, associated metabolic changes and risk factors. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2004;65(3):275–81.
9. Beltrøm D, Morten BG, Grauballe M, Holm N-CR, Allan F, Palle H. Detection of Undiagnosed Diabetes in the Dental Setting. Curr Oral Health Rep. 2016;3:1–6.
10. Kapur A. Diabetes and Chronic Infections. J Cey Coll Physician. 2016;46(1-2):34–8
11. Newman M, Takei H, Klokkevold P, Carranza F. Carranza’s Clinical Periodontology. 12th Ed. Canada: Saunders; 2016.
12. Stanko P, Izakovicova Holla L. Bidirectional association between diabetes mellitus and inflammatory periodontal disease. A review. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub. 2014;158(1):35–8.
13. Movva LR, Ho KL, Corbet EF, Leung WK. Type-2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic control, serum inflammatory factors, lifestyle, and periodontal status. J Dental Sci. 2014;9(1):1–9.
14. Al-Sharabi AK, Shuga-Aldin H, Ghandour I, Al-Hebshi NN. Qat chewing as an independent risk factor for periodontitis: a cross-sectional study. Int J Dent. 2013:317640.
15. Han DH, Lim S, Kim JB. The association of smoking and diabetes with periodontitis in a Korean population. J Periodontol. 2012;83(11):1397–406.
16. Mohamed HG, Idris SB, Ahmed MF, Bøe OE, Mustafa K, Ibrahim SO, Astrøm AN. Association between oral health status and type 2 diabetes mellitus among Sudanese adults: a matched case-control study. PLoS One. 2013;8(12):e82158.
17. Campus G, Salem A, Uzzau S, Baldoni E, Tonolo G. Diabetes and periodontal disease: a case-control study. J Periodontol. 2005;76(3):418–25.
18. Lindhe J, Lang N. Clinical Periodontology and Implant Dentistry, 2 Volume Set. 6th Ed. Pondicherry, India: Wiley-Blackwell; 2015.
19. Javed F, Al-Kheraif AA, Salazar-Lazo K, Yanez-Fontenla V, Aldosary KM, Alshehri M, Malmstrom H, Romanos GE. Periodontal Inflammatory Conditions Among Smokers and Never-Smokers With and Without Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. J Periodontol. 2015;86(7):839–46.
20. Esteves Lima RP, Miranda Cota LO, Costa FO. Association between periodontitis and gestational diabetes mellitus: a case-control study. J Periodontol. 2013;84(9):1257–65.
21. Javed F, Näsström K, Benchimol D, Altamash M, Klinge B, Engström PE. Comparison of periodontal and socioeconomic status between subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus and non-diabetic controls. J Periodontol. 2007;78(11):2112–9.
22. Susanto H, Nesse W, Dijkstra PU, Agustina D, Vissink A, Abbas F. Periodontitis prevalence and severity in Indonesians with type 2 diabetes. J Periodontol. 2011;82(4):550–7.
23. Jimenez M, Hu FB, Marino M, Li Y, Joshipura KJ. Type 2 diabetes mellitus and 20 year incidence of periodontitis and tooth loss. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2012;98(3):494–500.
24. Orbak R, Tezel A, Canakçi V, Demir T. The influence of smoking and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus on periodontal disease. J Int Med Res. 2002;30(2):116–25.
25. Al-Hebshi NM, Skaug N. Effect of khat chewing on 14 selected periodontal bacteria in sub- and supragingival plaque of a young male population. Oral Microbiol Immunol. 2005;20(3):141–6.
26. Jaiswal R, Shenoy N, Thomas B. Evaluation of association between psychological stress and serum cortisol levels in patients with chronic periodontitis - Estimation of relationship between psychological stress and periodontal status. J Indian Soc Periodontol. 2016;20(4):381–5.
Published
2017-07-28
How to Cite
SHAMALA, Anas; AL-HAJRI, Manal; AL-WESABI, Mohammed Ali.
Risk factors for periodontal diseases among Yemeni type II diabetic patients. A case-control study..
Journal of Oral Research, [S.l.], v. 6, n. 7, p. 176-181, july 2017.
ISSN 0719-2479.
Available at: <https://www.joralres.com/index.php/JOralRes/article/view/joralres.2017.055>. Date accessed: 24 apr. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.17126/joralres.2017.055.
Issue
Section
Articles
Keywords
periodontal disease; diabetes mellitus Type 2; smoking; Catha; Yemen.
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